Signs and Symptoms of Hemochromatosis (Iron Overload)
Medically reviewed by Jane Kim, MDMedically reviewed by Jane Kim, MDHemochromatosis (also sometimes known as iron overload) is a condition that occurs when your body stores too much iron, which can harm organs like the liver, heart, and pancreas. If you have this condition, you may experience symptoms like fatigue, joint and abdominal pain, and skin color changes.These symptoms usually develop slowly and worsen over time, so if you notice warning signs, seeking support from a healthcare provider can help you lower the risk of complications.
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FatigueFatigue is one of the most common symptoms of hemochromatosis. As too much iron builds up in your body, it can start to affect the functioning of vital organs like your heart and liver. This can often lead to feelings of exhaustion and a lack of energy, making everyday activities feel challenging or tiring.Hemochromatosis can also cause hormonal changes and increase your likelihood of developing conditions like hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), diabetes, and hypogonadism (sex glands not producing enough hormones), which all also cause fatigue as a primary symptom.Joint PainJoint pain in hemochromatosis often results from too much iron buildup in your joints. This can cause inflammation and discomfort and sometimes mimic symptoms of arthritis (an inflammatory joint condition that causes pain and stiffness). The pain can often be bothersome and affect your mobility (ability to move with ease) throughout the day.Abdominal PainAbdominal pain results from excess iron buildup in the liver. As a result, you may experience discomfort, cramping, or a feeling of fullness or bloating. Chronic (long-term) abdominal pain may be an underlying sign of liver damage or inflammation, which can occur if your condition progresses without treatment.Changes in Skin ColorDue to excessive iron deposits, hemochromatosis can cause the skin to take on a gray or bronze hue. This discoloration is often referred to as "bronzing." Because not all signs of iron overload are visible, if you notice changes to your skin color or tone, it can be an important sign to see your healthcare provider.DiabetesExcess iron can damage the pancreas, which is an organ in your body that aids with digestion and controls certain hormones (e.g., insulin) that regulate blood sugar and appetite. Too much iron in your body can affect how well your pancreas functions, which can increase your risk of diabetes—a condition that occurs when your pancreas can't produce enough insulin to match your blood sugar levels.Heart ConditionsIf not treated early on, too much iron buildup can increase your risk of cardiovascular (heart-related) conditions such as:Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)Heart failureCardiomyopathy (heart muscle damage)Coronary artery disease (restricted blood flow in the heart)Symptoms of each of these conditions vary, but common signs of a heart condition include shortness of breath, heart palpitations, swelling in the legs and ankles, and chest pain.Liver DamageLiver damage is a serious concern with hemochromatosis due to the toxic effect of excess iron. Generally, liver damage is an advanced symptom of iron overload, which can occur if you don't receive an early diagnosis or get adequate treatment.With liver damage, it's possible to experience symptoms like jaundice, abdominal swelling, liver pain, and an enlarged liver. In rare cases, the damage can become irreversible, leading to cirrhosis (permanent liver scarring).Hormonal ImbalancesIron overload can affect your endocrine system, which manages and regulates your hormones. Damage to the endocrine system can thereby cause hormonal imbalances. This can manifest as irregular menstrual periods, decreased libido (sex drive), and erectile dysfunction.Symptoms of Hemochromatosis in ChildrenHemochromatosis is less common in children than in adults. However, young people may be at risk for excess iron in their bodies, especially if they have a family history of hemochromatosis.In many cases, children don't experience symptoms of the condition early on, as it takes several years for excess iron to build up in the body and cause concern. If your child does develop symptoms, it's important to be watchful of the following signs:Extreme fatigueJoint painStomach achesHigh blood sugarSymptoms of liver damage or heart diseaseIs Hemochromatosis Contagious?Hemochromatosis is not contagious. The condition is most common in people with a family history of it. In fact, the most common type of hemochromatosis is hereditary hemochromatosis, which occurs due to a genetic mutation.There are other ways that you can develop this condition (such as having an underlying blood disorder or receiving multiple blood transfusions), but none of these risk factors can cause iron overload to spread from one person to another.When to Contact a Healthcare Provider If you suspect you may have hemochromatosis or are experiencing symptoms associated with iron overload, it's important to contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible. Seek support from a provider if you have any of the following symptoms:Persistent fatigue and weaknessJoint or abdominal painChanges in skin colorJaundiceIrregular heartbeatsShortness of breathIncreased thirstFrequent urinationChest painIf you have a family history of hemochromatosis or underlying liver disease, ask your healthcare provider if they think you should get screened for the condition, even if you don't have symptoms.
Questions To Ask Your Provider:When you see your provider, having questions prepared can help ease any worries you have and learn more about your potential condition. Consider these examples to get you started:What tests are necessary to diagnose hemochromatosis?Which management or treatment strategies are effective for hemochromatosis?Do you recommend any lifestyle changes that can help me feel better? Will my skin tone return to its normal color? Are there any long-term complications I should be aware of?Should my family members also be tested for hemochromatosis?
A Quick Review Hemochromatosis occurs when your body collects and stores more iron than it needs. This can result in iron overload, causing symptoms like fatigue, joint pain, and hormonal changes and increasing your risk for conditions like diabetes or heart disease.Symptoms of hemochromatosis tend to develop slowly and worsen over time, so seeking care when you notice symptoms early can help get you started on treatment and improve your quality of life.Frequently Asked Questions
What age does hemochromatosis usually start?
Hemochromatosis symptoms typically start between ages 30 and 60.
What is the life expectancy of a person with hemochromatosis?
With early diagnosis and treatment, people with hemochromatosis typically have a normal life expectancy.
What color is your stool if you have hemochromatosis?
Stool color in hemochromatosis is usually normal, but black or tarry stools could indicate bleeding in the digestive tract, which requires medical attention.
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